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How to construct full citations (MLA)

Displayed below are examples of how to construct full citations in MLA style for some common categories of source material. When constructing citations, note the spacing, punctuation and italicisation as applied in the formats and examples. To see a selection of these examples displayed as a list ('Works Cited'), see How to list full citations (MLA).

Formats and examples

Article, hard copy journal

Format

Author, Alan A. "Article Title: Subtitle." Journal Name vol.issue (Year): #-#.

Example
Shaw, Marilyn. "A Closer Look at Mushroom Poisonings." Laboratory Medicine 27.5 (1996): 323-28.
Article, online journal

Format

Author, Alan A. "Article Title: Subtitle." Journal Name vol.issue (Year). Day Month Year <URL>.

Example
Gillham, David. "Online Delivery of Nurse Education." Australian Electronic Journal of Nursing Education 8.1. (2002). 26 July 2006 <http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/nhcp/aejne/>.
Article, subscription database

Format

Author, Alan A. "Article Title: Subtitle." Name of Journal vol.issue (Year): #-#. Subscription Database Name. Subscriber Name. Day Month Year of retrieval.

Example
Freimer, Gloria R., and Margaret M. Perry. "Student Problems with Documentation." Journal of Academic Librarianship 11 (1986): 350-54. Business Source Premier. U of Ballarat Lib. 2 Feb. 2005.
Article, print newspaper

Format

Author, Alan. "Article Title." Newspaper Name Day Month Year: #.

Example
Gawenda, Michael. "A Friend Indeed?" Sydney Morning Herald 27 July 2006: 15.
Article, online media outlet

Format

"Article title." Name of Media Outlet Day Month Year. Day Month Year of access <URL>.

Example
"Vaile to discuss future as Trade Minister." ABC News Online 27 July 2006. 30 July 2006 <http://www.abc.net.au/news/newsitems/200607/s1698124.htm>.
Book, single author

Format

Author, Alan A. Title: Subtitle. Place: Publisher, Year.

Example
Marks, Leo. Between Silk and Cyanide: The Story of SOE's Code War. London: HarperCollins, 1998.
Book, two authors

Format

Author, Alan A., and Bianca B. Author. Title: Subtitle. Place: Publisher, Year.

Example
Harrison, Rita P., and David L. Saw. Country Style: Life in Rural Tennessee. Chicago: Globe, 1971.
Book, three authors

Format

Author, Alan A., Bianca B. Author, and Carla C. Author. Title: Subtitle. Place: Publisher, Year.

Example
Worley, Christopher G., David E. Hitchin, and Walter L. Ross. Integrated Strategic Change. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1996.
Book, four or more authors

Format

Author, Alan A., et al. Title: Subtitle. Place: Publisher, Year.

Example
Greene, Helen, et al. Rabbit Stew: Stories of the Great Depression. Melbourne: Griffin, 1988.
Book, chapter in an edited collection

Format

Author, Alan A. "Chapter Title." Title of Book. Ed. Erica E. Editor. Place: Publisher, Year. #-#.

Example
Dobben, Joanna P. "The Hudson." Rivers. Ed. Gina T. Reed. New York: Gull, 2001. 3-9.
Conference paper published in proceedings

Format

Author, Alan A. "Title of paper." Title of Published Proceedings. Place: Publisher, Year. #-#.

Example
Millward, Christine. "The Growing Up in Australia Study Content." Proceedings: 8th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference, Melbourne, 12-14 February 2003. Melbourne: Australian Institute of Family Studies, 2003. 9-22.
DVD or video

Format

Title. Role and name of major contributor. Year of Production. Format. Original Production Company; Distribution Company, Year of Distribution.

Example
Vertigo. Dir. Alfred Hitchcock. 1958. DVD. Paramount; Universal Home Entertainment, 2003.
No author

Construct citation in the same way as a work with an author, but begin with the title. (The examples below are for a book and a newspaper where no author can be established.)

Format

Title of book. Place: Publisher, Year.

Example
Survival Skills When Living Away From Home. New York: Green Press, 1999.

Format

"Title of Article." Newspaper Name Day Month Year: #.

Example
"Meddling Claims by Ortega." The Australian 13 May 2006: 11.
No date

Construct citation in the same way as a work with a known date, but use the abbreviation 'n.d.' (for 'no date') in place of the publication date. (The example below is for a book where no date of publication can be established.)

Format

Author, Alan A. Title of Book. Place: Publisher, n.d.

Example
Bakhita, Alfredo. Typefaces in Industry. London: Woollcott, n.d.
Online sites/pages, general

Format

Author, Alan A. Title of Work. Year (or Day Month Year if available) of posting/update/revision. Day Month Year of access <URL>.

Examples
Department of Human Services, Victoria. Environmental Policy. 2006. 27 July 2006 <http://www.dhs.vic.gov.au/operations/html/dis_action.htm>.
Mogg, Ken. 'The MacGuffin' Web Page. 2006. 27 July 2006 <http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~muffin/>.
National Australia Bank Ltd. Rates, Fees and Charges. 2006. 27 July 2006 <http://www.national.com.au/Business_Solutions/0,,48814,00.html
?ncID=ZBC>.
Report, hard copy

Format

Agency/Corporation/Government name. Title of Report. Series name and number. Place: Publisher, Year.

Example
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Australia's Health 2004. AIHW cat. no. AUS 44. Canberra: AIHW, 2004.
Report, accessed online

Format

Agency/Corporation/Gov't name. Title of Report. Series name and number. Year. Day Month Year of access <URL>.

Examples
Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Social Trends. Cat. No. 4102.0. 2004. 20 July 2004<http://www.abs.gov.au/Ausstats/
abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/4102.0Media%20Release22004?opendocument
&tabname=Summary&prodno=4102.0&issue=2004&num=&view>.
Coles Myer Ltd. Annual Report 2005. 2006. 11 May 2006 <http://www.colesmyer.com/library/Investors/FinancialReports/
2005/annual_report_2005.pdf>.