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Rule Insert author's last name and year of publication at the point where you have used the source. Separate the name and year by a comma and enclose in round brackets (parentheses). If author's name is part of the sentence, only the year is placed in parentheses. Example The most recent study (Dobben, 2001) produced contrary results. Shaw (1996) analysed the data and arrived at the same conclusion. Rule List sources alphabetically by author and separate by a semi-colon. More than one source by the same author cited at the same point is listed chronologically and separated by a comma. ExampleThis interpretation is common (Dobben, 2001; Pratt, 2000, 2001). Rule Two authors: Give both names every time the source is cited. Use an ampersand ('&') to join names in brackets; use the word 'and' to join names in the sentence. Example Earlier research (Harrison & Saw, 1971) produced troubling data. The study by Grant and Shaw (1982) has been discredited. Rule Three, four or five authors: Give names of all authors in the first citation; in later citations, give the name of the first author only, followed by 'et al.'. Example The earlier analysis (Bryant, Harrison, James, & Mayo, 1986) was correct. Gleeson, Thomas, Chan, and Roberts (1990) conducted a parallel study. Bryant et al. (1986) disputed the findings as reported (Gleeson et al., 1990). Rule Six or more authors: Give the name of the first author followed by 'et al.' each time the source is used. Example The method was based on a similar study by Staples et al. (2004). Rule Add 'a', 'b', 'c', etc., to the year to distinguish between sources. Example Research in this area (Yu, 1996a) confirms these findings. Similar research (Yu, 1996b) was based on this methodology. Rule Add initial(s) to the surname to distinguish between sources. Example This finding is consistent with other studies (B. Dalton, 2001). Extensive analysis can be found in the work by T. Dalton (1994). Rule Give a page reference when using direct quotes from a source or referring to a specific page of a source. The page reference follows the year and is preceded by the abbreviation 'p.' for a single page (or 'pp.' for a range of pages). If the author's name is part of the sentence, the page number follows the quotation. Example The situation was described as 'rapidly approaching hysteria' (Pratt, 2000, p. 87). Green (2003) called it 'absolute lunacy at its most brazen' (p. 92). Rule Give the date of the communication, preceded by the words 'personal communication'. Note: personal communications do not need reference list entries. Example This was related by Mr Tan (personal communication, May 3, 2001). Rule Refer to both sources in the text, but only give an entry in the reference list for the source you have used directly. (For example, in the example below, the 'Freimer & Perry' source needs to appear in the reference list, but the 'Smith' source does not.) Example Smith (1965, as cited in Freimer & Perry, 1986) proves this. Rule Give the full name followed by the initials in square brackets in the first reference. In subsequent references, use the initialised form. Example Costs are higher in rural regions (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare [AIHW], 2004), as are obesity levels (AIHW, 2006). Rule Give first two or three words of the title to direct to reference list entry (which will be under title in full). Italicise titles of books; enclose titles of articles in quotation marks. Example The recommendations made (Survival skills, 1999) were followed completely. This appears to be serious ("Meddling claims," 2006).
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